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CHAPTER III
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SIMPLE SECONDARY FUNCTIONS
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.BEGIN VERBATIM

Functional and Non-Functional Chromaticism
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.FILL
 
 
	Chromaticism in tonal music generally falls into two
categories which may be labeled functional and non-functional.  Under
the first of these headings come all those alterations which
contribute to even brief movement to a new tonal center.  Non-functional
chromaticism occurs mainly as the conventional flattings of the minor mode,
or as the sharping of decorative lower neighboring notes
or appoggiaturas which usually create or imply at least momentary
dissonance.  Sometimes it may be difficult to recognize non-functional
sharping when it occurs in a scale line that parallels some
conventional tonal scale.  But almost always the context of the scale
will clearly show the role of the chromatic note.
.BEGIN VERBATIM
 
Example 30
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	Occasionally the fifth of a chord will be raised, producing
an augmented triad.  This chromaticism is usually non-functional unless
the following music makes the augmented triad work as a substitute dominant
to some new tonic.  Most often the sharped note of an augmented triad
appears as a kind of "frozen" chromatic passing or neighboring 
note.$$See last bar of Example zzz and also page zzz.  Related to this
is the problem of the augmented sixth chord (see page 49).$
.BEGIN VERBATIM
 
Example 31.  Mozart, Sonata in F, K.533
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	The non-functional alterations do not influence either the tonality
or the harmonic functions within the tonality.  But in the sense that
entire chords can sometimes have primarily contrapuntal (or decorative)
significance, as discussed earlier, the two categories of chromaticism
overlap to a certain extent.
 
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	Functional chromaticism may occur on either chord or non-chord
tones and necessarily defines a new tonal area.  Examples of functional
chromaticism appearing as non-chord tones follow.
 
	A %2single%1 chord may sometimes be caused to sound like a new
tonic (or other function within a new tonic) by means of the scalar
use of functional chromaticism.  There need not be any "progression" in
the new tonic whatsoever.
 
.BEGIN VERBATIM
 
Example 32
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